2.1 Futures Contracts — Summary
A futures contract is simply an agreement to buy or sell something at a set price on a future date. These contracts trade on regulated exchanges and are used by both businesses and traders for hedging and speculation.
Futures began in the mid-1800s at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) when farmers wanted to lock in prices for crops before harvest. Fast forward to today, and futures cover everything from oil and gold to stock indexes and currencies.
- Hedging: Companies use futures to manage risk — for example, airlines locking in fuel prices.
- Speculation: Traders aim to profit from price changes without owning the actual asset.
Futures markets are essential to global finance because they provide liquidity, help discover fair prices, and allow risk to move efficiently between participants.
2.2 Key Terminology in Futures Trading
- Leverage: Futures let you control large positions with small capital, magnifying both profits and losses. Example: controlling $100,000 worth of contracts with a $5,000 margin.
- Margin:
- Initial Margin — the deposit required to open a trade.
- Maintenance Margin — the minimum balance you must keep before receiving a margin call.
- Contract Specs: Each futures contract has standard details:
- Tick Size — smallest price movement.
- Tick Value — how much one tick is worth in dollars.
- Contract Value — total worth (price × contract size).
Expiration:
Futures expire. Before that happens, traders can either close the trade or roll into the next contract month.
2.3 Futures Exchanges and Regulation
- CME Group: The largest futures marketplace in the world, combining:
- CME: stock indexes, financials, FX.
- CBOT: grains like corn, soybeans, wheat.
- NYMEX: energy markets — oil, gas.
- COMEX: precious metals — gold, silver.
- ICE Futures U.S.: Handles energy, soft commodities like coffee and sugar, and financial products.
CFTC: The Commodity Futures Trading Commission regulates U.S. futures markets to keep things fair, transparent, and safe from manipulation.
2.4 Types of Futures Contracts
Futures exist for almost every asset class.
- Equity Index Futures:
- E-mini S&P 500 (ES) — mirrors the S&P 500 index.
- E-mini Nasdaq 100 (NQ) — tracks big tech names like Apple and Microsoft. These let you trade the broader market instead of individual stocks.
- Commodity Futures:
- Crude Oil (CL), Natural Gas (NG) — energy markets.
- Gold (GC), Silver (SI) — metals and safe-haven assets.
- Corn (ZC), Soybeans (ZS) — key agricultural products.
- Treasury Futures:
- 10-Year T-Note (ZN), 30-Year T-Bond (ZB) — interest rate and bond market plays.
Each contract reacts differently to economic conditions, which gives you flexibility to find opportunities across markets.
Learn more about contract mechanics here:
/ES and /NQ contracts and expiration
I mainly trade the S&P 500 (ES). The price action on ES futures and SPY ETF are nearly identical — only the prices differ. I suggest doing your analysis on the ES chart and executing trades using SPY options if that’s your preference.
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